第17章音
Resonance in a Tube Open at Both Ends両端が開いた管の共鳴
Another source of standing waves is a tube that is open at both ends. In this case, the boundary conditions are symmetrical: an antinode at each end. The resonances of tubes open at both ends can be analyzed in a very similar fashion to those for tubes closed at one end. The air columns in tubes open at both ends have maximum air displacements at both ends (Figure 17.23). Standing waves form as shown.
英語のヒント
定常波ができる別の例は、両端が開いた管である。この場合の境界条件は対称で、両端に腹ができる。両端が開いた管の共鳴は、一端が閉じた管と非常によく似た方法で解析できる。両端が開いた管の気柱では、両端で空気の変位が最大となる(図17.23)。図のような定常波ができる。

OpenStax / Rice University, University Physics Volume 1, CC BY 4.0. Source-book artwork retained. · CC BY 4.0 · Source出典
Figure 17.23図 17.23
The resonant frequencies of a tube open at both ends, including the fundamental and the first three overtones. In all cases, the maximum air displacements occur at both ends of the tube, giving it different natural frequencies than a tube closed at one end.
英語のヒント
両端が開いた管の共鳴振動数。基本振動と最初の三つの上音を示す。どの場合も、管の両端で空気の変位が最大となり、一端を閉じた管とは異なる固有振動数を持つ。
The relationship for the resonant wavelengths of a tube open at both ends is
英語のヒント
両端が開いた管の共鳴波長の関係は、次式で表される。
Based on the fact that a tube open at both ends has maximum air displacements at both ends, and using Figure 17.23 as a guide, we can see that the resonant frequencies of a tube open at both ends are
英語のヒント
両端が開いた管では、両端で空気の変位が最大になることと、図17.23を手掛かりにすると、共鳴振動数は次のようになる。
where is the fundamental, is the first overtone, is the second overtone, and so on. Note that a tube open at both ends has a fundamental frequency twice what it would have if closed at one end. It also has a different spectrum of overtones than a tube closed at one end.
英語のヒント
ここでは基本振動数、は第1上音、は第2上音の振動数であり、以下同様である。両端が開いた管の基本振動数は、一端を閉じた場合の2倍になる。また、上音の構成も一端が閉じた管とは異なる。
Note that a tube open at both ends has symmetrical boundary conditions, similar to the string fixed at both ends discussed in Waves. The relationships for the wavelengths and frequencies of a stringed instrument are the same as given in Equation 17.15 and Equation 17.16. The speed of the wave on the string (from Waves) is The air around the string vibrates at the same frequency as the string, producing sound of the same frequency. The sound wave moves at the speed of sound and the wavelength can be found using
英語のヒント
Additional Resources追加教材
Summaryまとめ
- Unwanted sound can be reduced using destructive interference.
英語のヒント
不要な音は、弱め合う干渉によって減らせる。 - Sound has the same properties of interference and resonance as defined for all waves.
英語のヒント
音は、すべての波について定義したものと同じ干渉と共鳴の性質を持つ。 - In air columns, the lowest-frequency resonance is called the fundamental, whereas all higher resonant frequencies are called overtones. Collectively, they are called harmonics.
英語のヒント
気柱では、最も低い振動数の共鳴を基本振動と呼び、それより高い共鳴振動数をすべて上音と呼ぶ。これらをまとめて倍音と呼ぶ。
Conceptual Questions概念に関する問題
Exercises 60–62練習問題 60–62
Exercise 60問題 60
You are given two wind instruments of identical length. One is open at both ends, whereas the other is closed at one end. Which is able to produce the lowest frequency?
英語のヒント
同じ長さの二つの管楽器がある。一方は両端が開き、もう一方は一端が閉じている。より低い振動数を出せるのはどちらか。
Solution解き方
The fundamental wavelength of a tube open at each end is 2L, where the wavelength of a tube open at one end and closed at one end is 4L. The tube open at one end has the lower fundamental frequency, assuming the speed of sound is the same in both tubes.
英語のヒント
両端が開いた管の基本振動の波長は2Lであるのに対し、一端が開き他端が閉じた管では4Lである。両方の管で音速が同じなら、一端だけが開いた管のほうが基本振動数は低い。
Exercise 61問題 61
What is the difference between an overtone and a harmonic? Are all harmonics overtones? Are all overtones harmonics?
英語のヒント
上音と倍音の違いは何か。すべての倍音は上音か。すべての上音は倍音か。
Exercise 62問題 62
Two identical columns, open at both ends, are in separate rooms. In room A, the temperature is and in room B, the temperature is . A speaker is attached to the end of each tube, causing the tubes to resonate at the fundamental frequency. Is the frequency the same for both tubes? Which has the higher frequency?
英語のヒント
両端が開いた同じ気柱が、別々の部屋にある。部屋Aの温度は、部屋Bの温度はである。それぞれの管の端にスピーカーを取り付け、基本振動数で共鳴させる。両方の管の振動数は同じか。どちらの振動数が高いか。
Solution解き方
The wavelength in each is twice the length of the tube. The frequency depends on the wavelength and the speed of the sound waves. The frequency in room B is higher because the speed of sound is higher where the temperature is higher.
英語のヒント
どちらも波長は管の長さの2倍である。振動数は波長と音速に依存する。温度が高いほど音速が大きいので、部屋Bの振動数のほうが高い。